{"id":1146,"date":"2015-10-12T12:12:15","date_gmt":"2015-10-12T19:12:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1146"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:20:04","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:20:04","slug":"colletotrichum-cymbidiicola-damm-p-f-cannon-crous-p-r-johnst-b-weir-2012","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1146","title":{"rendered":"Colletotrichum cymbidiicola Damm, P. F. Cannon, Crous, P. R. Johnst. & B. Weir, 2012"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Colletotrichum cymbidiicola <\/em><\/strong>Damm, P. F. Cannon, Crous, P. R. Johnst. & B. Weir, 2012<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

In April 2014, during an inspection of a nursery in San Diego County, California, Pat Nolan, plant pathologist, San Diego County, observed black spots on leaves of greenhouse-grown cymbidium orchids and submitted symptomatic foliar samples to the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory for pathogen diagnosis.\u00a0 Suzanne Latham, plant pathologist, CDFA analyzed the samples and detected Colletotrichum cymbidiicola<\/em> in cultures of the symptomatic leaves.\u00a0 The identity of the associated pathogen was later confirmed by the USDA APHIS National Identification Services.\u00a0 This detection marked a first record of C. cymbidiicola <\/em>in the USA (Bethke, 2014).\u00a0 Follow-up samples collected in June and August from the same nursery, also tested positive for C. cymbidiicola<\/em>.\u00a0 Subsequently, the nursery destroyed symptomatic plants and administered sanitary and fungicidal treatment measures to protect remaining plants from future infections.\u00a0 Trace-back investigations revealed that the San Diego orchids originated in a nursery in Humboldt County.\u00a0 However, C. cymbidiicola<\/em> was not detected in orchid samples collected from the Humboldt nursery greenhouse.\u00a0 A few months later, in June 2014, C. cymbidiicola<\/em> was detected again in cymbidium orchids in a small, residential nursery in Santa Clara County, however, no trace-back information was available.\u00a0 \u00a0Recently, on May 7, 2015, more C. cymbidiicola<\/em> was detected in orchids from the original nursery in San Diego County.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0Therefore, there is a need to reevaluate the current temporary pest rating of C. cymbidiicola<\/em> for the proposal of a permanent rating.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> Colletotrichum cymbidiicola<\/em> is a fungus species belonging to the complex species group C. boninense<\/em> which was originally described in 2003 as a segregate of the vastly morphological and physiological variable C. gloeosporioides <\/em>complex (CABI, 2014; Morikwaki et al.,<\/em> 2003).\u00a0 In the past, isolates of C. boninense<\/em> were often identified as C. gloeosporioides<\/em>.\u00a0 However, after segregation from C. gloeosporioides<\/em>, researchers found that C. boninense<\/em> actually comprised of a complex of several species and by 2012, through molecular phylogenetic analyses of 86 strains of C. boninense<\/em>, Damm et al<\/em>. (2012) were able to recognize 18 species within the C. boninense<\/em> complex including C. cymbidiicola<\/em> based on DNA sequence data and morphology.\u00a0 Colletotrichum cymbidiicola<\/em> is associated with orchids and is specific at plant genus level.<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/em>: Cymbidium<\/em> spp. (orchids) (Damm et al.,<\/em> 2012).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>:\u00a0 Anthracnose symptoms are expressed as dark spots or lesions in infected orchid leaves, petioles and blossoms.\u00a0 Initial symptoms include brown discolorations which are irregularly shaped sunken lesions that turn to dark brown with concentric brownish black fruiting bodies (acervuli).\u00a0 Leaf wilting may occur often resulting in dieback and reduction in plant quality.\u00a0 As in orchids infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides<\/em>, symptoms may be most common on orchid leaves when stressed plants are damaged by cold and hot temperatures, sun, wind, chemicals and mechanical damage.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential<\/em>:\u00a0 Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum cymbidiicola <\/em>can result in reduced plant quality and growth.\u00a0 Estimates of yield\/crop loss due to this pathogen have not been reported although severe outbreaks of orchid anthracnose have been reported in India (Chowdappa, et al., <\/em>2014).\u00a0 Nursery production of potted host plants or in greenhouses are particularly at risk as nursery conditions are often conducive to infection by Colletotrichum<\/em> species.\u00a0 In cultivated fields, disease development may be sporadic as it is affected by levels of pathogen inoculum and environmental conditions.<\/p>\n

Disease Cycle<\/em>:\u00a0 It is likely that Colletotrichum cymbidiicola<\/em> has a similar life cycle to that of other Colletotrichum<\/em> species and survives between crops during winter as mycelium on plant residue in soil, on infected plants, and on seeds.\u00a0 During active growth, the pathogen produces masses of hyphae (stromata) which result in fruiting bodies (acervuli) that bear conidiophores, on the plant surface. Conidia (spores) are produced at the tips of the conidiophores and disseminated by wind, rain, cultivation tools, equipment, and field workers.\u00a0 \u00a0Conidia are transmitted to host plants.\u00a0 Humid, wet, rainy weather is necessary for infection to occur.\u00a0 These requirements in particular may limit the occurrence of the pathogen in California fields and subsequently, the pathogen may be more of a problem under controlled environments of greenhouses.\u00a0 Condia germinate, penetrate host tissue by means of specialized hyphae (appresoria) and invade host tissue.<\/p>\n

Transmission<\/em>:\u00a0 Wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Australia, India, Japan, New Zealand, USA (California) (Chowdappa et al., 2014; Damm, et al<\/em>., 2012; Farr & Rossman, 2015).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Colletotrichum cymbidiicola <\/em>is considered a new record in North America and reportable to the USDA.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> San Diego and Santa Clara Counties (see \u2018Initiating Event\u2019).<\/p>\n

During the 1980s, CDFA plant pathologists identified C. gloeosporioides<\/em> in Cymbidium<\/em> sp. (Alex French, California Plant Disease Host Index 2nd<\/sup> edition)<\/em>.\u00a0 The site of detection generally includes the southern coastal counties. Details of that specific record are not currently available.\u00a0 At that time specific molecular diagnostic tests were not available to enable the distinction of C<\/em>. cymbidiicola.\u00a0 <\/em>It is, therefore, possible that this detection may have included C. cymbidiicola.<\/em> No eliminative action would have been taken against C. gloeosporioides<\/em> as the species is known to be widespread in California.\u00a0 However, since that detection and until the 2014-2015 detections noted above in \u2018Initiating Events\u2019 there have been no reports of Colletotrichum<\/em> sp. on cymbidium orchids in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Colletotrichum cymbidiicola <\/em>has not been intercepted in quarantine plant shipments imported to California.<\/p>\n

The risk Colletotrichum cymbidiicola <\/em>would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 Similar to other species of <\/em>Colletotrichum, <\/em>C. cymbidiicola requires humid, wet, rainy weather for conidia to infect host plants. This environmental requirement may limit the ability of the pathogen to fully establish and spread under dry field conditions in California. On the other hand, the pathogen could establish in limited regions with conducive climates within California. Of particular importance is the ability for\u00a0 <\/em>C. cymbidiicola to effectively infect and spread to host plants grown under conducive climate conditions in nurseries.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 Presently the host range of <\/em>Colletotrichum cymbidiicola is limited to orchids, Cymbidium<\/em> sp.<\/p>\n

3) Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 The pathogen has high reproductive potential and conidia are produced successively.\u00a0 They are transmitted by wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact however conidial germination and plant infection require long, wet periods.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is<\/em><\/strong> High (3)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 Under suitable climates, the pathogen could lower plant growth and value and trigger the loss of markets.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is<\/em><\/strong> Medium (2)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 The pathogen could significantly impact cultural practices, home or ornamental plantings of orchids.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Colletotrichum cymbidiicola:<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

–Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of Colletotrichum cymbidiicola<\/em> to California = (11)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/p>\n

–Low (-1)<\/strong> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/span><\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is Low (-1)<\/span>.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Colletotrichum cymbidiicola has been found in nursery greenhouses in two coastal counties: San Diego and Santa Clara.<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> 10<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

The detection and distribution of <\/em>Colletotrichum cymbidiicola in other orchid-growing California counties is not known.\u00a0 Subsequent results from those detections may alter the proposed rating for the pathogen<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum cymbidiicola<\/em> is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

B<\/strong>ethke, J. A.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 First detection of Colletotrichum cymbidiicola<\/em> in California and water supply update.\u00a0 UCNFA News, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.\u00a0 http:\/\/ucanr.edu\/sites\/UCNFAnews\/Regional_Report_San_Diego_and_Riverside_Counties\/Summer_2014__First_detection_of_Colletotrichum_cymbidiicola_in_California\/#<\/a> .<\/p>\n

C<\/strong>howdappa, P., C. S. Chethana,\u00a0 R. P. Pant and P. D. Bridge.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Multilocus gene phylogeny reveals occurrence of Colletotrichum cymbidiicola<\/em> and C. cliviae<\/em> on orchids in North East India.\u00a0 Journal of Plant Pathology, 96:327-334.<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>amm, U., P. F. Cannon, J. H. C. Wouldenberg, P. R. Johnston, B. S. Weir, Y. P. Tan, R. G. Shivas and P. W. Crous.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 The Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> species complex.\u00a0 Studies in Mycology 73:1-36; www.studiesinmycology.org<\/a> .<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., & A. Y. Rossman.\u00a0 Fungal databases, systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved April 7, 2015, from<\/p>\n

http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n

K<\/strong>itterly, W. R., and A. P. Keinath.\u00a0 1996.\u00a0 Fungal disease of aerial parts: Anthracnose. In<\/em> \u2018Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases\u2019.\u00a0 Edited by T. A. Zitter, D. L. Hopkins, and C. E. Thomas, APS Press The American Phytopathological Society Minnesota, USA, p. 24-25.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>oriwaki, J., T. Sato and T. Tsukiboshi.\u00a0 2003.\u00a0 Morphological and molecular characterization of Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> sp. nov. from Japan.\u00a0 Mycoscience 44:47-53.<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Posting by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum cymbidiicola Damm, P. F. Cannon, Crous, P. R. Johnst. & B. Weir, 2012 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In April 2014, during an inspection of a nursery in San Diego County, California, Pat Nolan, plant pathologist, San Diego County, observed black spots on leaves of greenhouse-grown … Continue reading Colletotrichum cymbidiicola Damm, P. F. Cannon, Crous, P. R. Johnst. & B. Weir, 2012<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[194,46,41],"class_list":["post-1146","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-colletotrichum-cymbidiicola","tag-fungi-2","tag-plant-pathogens"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-iu","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1047,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1047","url_meta":{"origin":1146,"position":0},"title":"Colletotrichum petchii Damm, P. F. Cannon & Crous, 2012","author":"Admin","date":"June 1, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum petchii Damm, P. F. Cannon & Crous, 2012 Pest\u00a0Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In January 2015, the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum petchii, was detected in infected potted Dracaena deremensis (corn plant) in a nursery in Vista, San Diego County, California.\u00a0 The plants were\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1227,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1227","url_meta":{"origin":1146,"position":1},"title":"Colletotrichum spaethianum (Allesch.) Damm, P. F. Cannon & Crous, 2009","author":"Admin","date":"October 19, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum spaethianum (Allesch.) Damm, P. F. Cannon & Crous, 2009 Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On March 27, 2015, a mail shipment containing Iris sp. plants with leaf spots was intercepted by the CDFA Dog Team, at the United States Postal Service\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1279,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1279","url_meta":{"origin":1146,"position":2},"title":"Colletotrichum queenslandicum B. Weir & P. R. Johnst. 2012","author":"Admin","date":"November 13, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum queenslandicum B. Weir & P. R. Johnst. 2012 \u00a0Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On October 29, 2015 California Dog Teams intercepted Persea americana (avocado) fruit at parcel distribution facilities in Los Angeles and Santa Clara Counties.\u00a0 The shipments had originated in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7937,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7937","url_meta":{"origin":1146,"position":3},"title":"Colletotrichum aotearoa B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. 2012","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"December 30, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum aotearoa B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. 2012Pest Rating: B DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE\u00a0 You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":9341,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=9341","url_meta":{"origin":1146,"position":4},"title":"Colletotrichum clidemiae B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. 2012","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"December 15, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum clidemiae B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. 2012Pest Rating: B download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "B-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"B-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=670"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8494,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=8494","url_meta":{"origin":1146,"position":5},"title":"Colletotrichum alienum B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. 2012","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"June 10, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum alienum B. Weird & P.R. Johnst. 2012Pest Rating: B download pest rating *NOTE\u00a0 You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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