{"id":1141,"date":"2015-10-09T15:03:12","date_gmt":"2015-10-09T22:03:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1141"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:20:16","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:20:16","slug":"colletotrichum-asianum-prihastuti-l-cai-k-d-hyde-2009","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1141","title":{"rendered":"Colletotrichum asianum Prihastuti, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2009"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Colletotrichum asianum <\/em><\/strong>Prihastuti, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2009<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

During July, 2014, mango fruit exhibiting spots or lesions were intercepted by the CDFA Dog Team in Santa Clara County and samples of symptomatic fruit were sent to the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory for diagnosis.\u00a0 The associated anthracnose fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum asianum<\/em>, was identified by Suzanne Latham, CDFA plant pathologist and later confirmed by USDA.\u00a0 Subsequently, the fruit was destroyed and the shipment was traced back by the USDA to Florida and C. asianum<\/em> was detected in fruit still on the tree.\u00a0 This detection marked the first report of the pathogen in the USA (USDA, 2015).\u00a0 Since its first detection and during April and June 2015, C. asianum<\/em> continued to be detected in mango fruit shipments destined for Alameda, Butte, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Santa Clara Counties.\u00a0 The shipments were intercepted at USPS distribution facilities by Dog Teams. \u00a0\u00a0On July 7, 2015, C. asianum<\/em> was found to be associated with necrotic spots in mango leaves of plants in a nursery in Imperial County.\u00a0 This was the first detection of the pathogen from leaves. In all cases of interceptions mentioned afore, subsequent to the detection of C. asianum, all fruit and plant shipments were received from Florida and either destroyed or rejected from entering California.\u00a0 Currently, C. asianum <\/em>has a temporary \u2018Q\u2019 rating.\u00a0 The risk of introduction and establishment of this pathogen in California is assessed and a permanent rating is proposed herein.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/u>:\u00a0 Colletotrichum asianum<\/em> was first reported to be associated with coffee berries (Coffea arabica<\/em>) in northern Thailand (Prihastuti et al<\/em>., 2009).\u00a0 The pathogen is a distinct fungus species belonging to the vastly morphological and physiological variable C. gloeosporioides <\/em>complex and is generally identified from other species of the complex only with DNA sequences (Prihastuti et al.,<\/em> 2009; Weir et al<\/em>, 2012).<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/em>: Mangifera indica<\/em> (mango) and Coffea arabica<\/em> (coffee) (Prihastuti et al<\/em>., 2009; Weir et al<\/em>., 21012).<\/p>\n

Symptoms<\/em>:\u00a0 Initially, small, dark brown circular spots are produced on mango fruit and leaves infected with Colletotrichum asianum<\/em>.\u00a0 These spots increase rapidly in size and coalesce to form dark depressed anthracnose lesions in ripened fruit (Krishnapillai & Wilson Wijeratnam, 2014). Generally, Colletotrichum<\/em>-infected host plants exhibit symptoms of anthracnose which include dark brown leaf, stem and fruit spots and wilting of leaves which often result in dieback and reduction in plant quality.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential<\/em>:\u00a0 Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum asianum <\/em>can result in reduced plant quality and growth, fruit production and marketability.\u00a0 Estimates of yield\/crop loss due to this pathogen have not been reported.\u00a0 Nursery production of potted host plants or in greenhouses are particularly at risk as nursery conditions are often conducive to infection by Colletotrichum<\/em> species.\u00a0 In cultivated fields, disease development may be sporadic as it is affected by levels of pathogen inoculum and environmental conditions.<\/p>\n

Disease Cycle<\/em>:\u00a0 It is likely that Colletotrichum asianum<\/em> has a similar life cycle to that of other Colletotrichum<\/em> species and survives between crops during winter as mycelium on plant residue in soil, on infected plants, and on seeds.\u00a0 During active growth, the pathogen produces masses of hyphae (stromata) which bear conidiophores, on the plant surface. Conidia (spores) are produced at the tips of the conidiophores and disseminated by wind, rain, cultivation tools, equipment, and field workers.\u00a0 \u00a0Conidia are transmitted to host plants.\u00a0 Humid, wet, rainy weather is necessary for infection to occur.\u00a0 These requirements in particular may limit the occurrence of the pathogen in California fields and subsequently, the pathogen may be more of a problem under controlled environments of greenhouses.\u00a0 Conidia germinate, penetrate host tissue by means of specialized hyphae (appresoria) and invade host tissue.<\/p>\n

Transmission<\/em>:\u00a0 Wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong>\u00a0 Africa<\/em>: South Africa; Asia<\/em>: Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Philippines; South America<\/em>: Brazil, Colombia, Panama; Australia<\/em>; North America<\/em>: Florida (Farr & Rossman, 2015; Krishnapillai & Wilson Wijeratnam, 2014; Lima et al<\/em>., 2013; Prihastuti et al<\/em>., 2009; Sharma et al<\/em>., 2013; USDA, 2015; Vieira et al<\/em>., 2014; Weir et al., 2012).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> In California C. asianum<\/em> is an actionable, Q-rated pathogen, and infected plant material is subject to destruction or rejection.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/u>:<\/strong> Colletotrichum asianum<\/em> is not established in California (see \u201cInitiating Event\u201d).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/u>:\u00a0<\/strong> During 2015, Colletotrichum asianum<\/em> has been intercepted several times mainly in shipments of mango fruit and less frequently in mango plants (leaves) that originated in Florida (see \u2018Initiating event\u2019).<\/p>\n

The risk Colletotrichum asianum<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) Not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 Similar to other species of <\/em>Colletotrichum, <\/em>C. asianum requires humid, wet, rainy weather for conidia to infect host plants. This environmental requirement may limit the ability of the pathogen to fully establish and spread under dry field conditions in California. Also limiting is the very narrow host range of C. asianum comprising mango and coffee.\u00a0 Coffee is not cultivated in California and mango has limited production in the foothills of southern California or warm locations in the Coachella Valley.\u00a0 It is also grown in residential backyards and few nurseries, either as fruit or nursery stock.\u00a0 The pathogen could establish within these limited regions under conducive climates.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1)<\/strong> has a very limited host range.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has a moderate host range.<\/p>\n

– High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Low (1)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 The host range of <\/em>Colletotrichum asianum is limited to mango and coffee.<\/em><\/p>\n

3)\u00a0<\/i>Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the natural and artificial dispersal potential of the pest. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 The pathogen has high reproductive potential and conidia are produced successively.\u00a0 They are transmitted by wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact however conidial germination and plant infection require long, wet periods.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using the criteria below. Score:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could lower crop yield.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.<\/p>\n

F. \u00a0The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.<\/p>\n

G. \u00a0The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts.<\/p>\n

– High (3)<\/strong> causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 Mango fruit production, in particular, can be limited by its susceptibility to anthracnose under wet conditions. Therefore, under suitable climates, the pathogen could lower plant growth, fruit production and value and trigger the loss of markets.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using the criteria below.<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.<\/p>\n

B. \u00a0The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.<\/p>\n

C. \u00a0The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.<\/p>\n

D. \u00a0The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.<\/p>\n

E. \u00a0The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

– Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium (2<\/em><\/strong><\/span>)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 The pathogen could significantly impact cultural practices or home garden plantings.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Colletotrichum asianum:<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Low = 5-8 points<\/p>\n

\u00a0 -Medium<\/strong> = 9-12 points<\/span><\/p>\n

-High = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of Colletotrichum karstii<\/em> to California = (11)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information:<\/strong> Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).<\/p>\n

-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is not established (0).<\/span>\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Colletotrichum asianum is not established in California.\u00a0 All instances of interception of <\/em>C. asianum-infected mango fruit and plants were either rejected or destroyed.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score<\/strong> is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> <\/span>11<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Periodic surveys need to be conducted to confirm the presence\/absence of <\/em>C. asianum in commercial and private production regions within California.\u00a0 Subsequent results may alter the herein proposed rating for the pathogen<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum asianum<\/em> is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

C<\/strong>ABI.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 Colletotrichum asianum<\/em> basic datasheet report.\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium.\u00a0 www.cabi.org\/cpc\/<\/a><\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., & A. Y. Rossman.\u00a0 Fungal databases, systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved April 7, 2015, from<\/p>\n

http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a><\/p>\n

K<\/strong>itterly, W. R., and A. P. Keinath.\u00a0 1996.\u00a0 Fungal disease of aerial parts: Anthracnose. In<\/em> \u2018Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases\u2019.\u00a0 Edited by T. A. Zitter, D. L. Hopkins, and C. E. Thomas, APS Press The American Phytopathological Society Minnesota, USA, p. 24-25.<\/p>\n

K<\/strong>rishnapillai, N., and R. S. Wilson Wijeratnam.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 First report of Colletotrichum asianum <\/em>causing anthracnose on Willard mangoes in Sri Lanka.\u00a0 New Disease Reports, 29:1. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5197\/j.2044-0588.2014.029.001<\/a> .<\/p>\n

L<\/strong>ima, N. B., M. V. de A. Batista, MAde Morais J\u00fanior, M. A. G. Barbosa, S. J. Michereff, K. D. Hyde, M. P. S. C\u00e2mara.\u00a0 2013. Five Colletotrichum<\/em> species are responsible for mango anthracnose in northeastern Brazil. Fungal Diversity, 61:75-88. http:\/\/rd.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13225-013-0237-6<\/a>.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>rihastuti, H., L. Cai, H. Chen, E. H. C. McKenzie, and K. D. Hyde. \u00a02009. Characterization of Colletotrichum <\/em>species associated with coffee berries in northern Thailand. Fungal Diversity 39: 89-109.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong>harma, G., M. Gryzenhout, K. D. Hyde, A. K. Pinnaka, and B. D. Shenoy.\u00a0 2015.\u00a0 First report of Colletotrichum asianum<\/em> causing mango anthracnose in South Africa.\u00a0 Plant Disease, 99:725.\u00a0 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-08-13-0837-PDN<\/a> .<\/p>\n

U<\/strong>SDA. 2015.\u00a0 Email from John H. Bower, USDA ,APHIS, PPQ, PHP to Nick Condos, CDFA, subject: Colletotrichum asianum<\/em> on mango from CA and from the source tree in FL (first records for Continental US), dated April 30, 2015 6:26 am.<\/p>\n

V<\/strong>ieira, W. A. S., S. J. Michereff, M. A. de Morais Jr., K. D. Hyde, and M. P. S. C\u00e2mara.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Endophytic species of Colletotrichum<\/em> associated with mango in northeastern Brazil.\u00a0 Fungal diversity, 67:181-202.<\/p>\n

W<\/strong>eir, B. S., P. R. Johnston, and U. Damm.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides<\/em> species complex.\u00a0 Studies in Mycology, 73:115-180. DOI:10.3114\/sim0011.<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

PEST RATING: \u00a0B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum asianum Prihastuti, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2009 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: During July, 2014, mango fruit exhibiting spots or lesions were intercepted by the CDFA Dog Team in Santa Clara County and samples of symptomatic fruit were sent to the CDFA Plant Pathology Laboratory … Continue reading Colletotrichum asianum Prihastuti, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, 2009<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[193,46,45],"class_list":["post-1141","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-colletotrichum-asianum","tag-fungi-2","tag-plant-pathogen"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-ip","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1279,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1279","url_meta":{"origin":1141,"position":0},"title":"Colletotrichum queenslandicum B. 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Cannon & Crous, 2009 Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 On March 27, 2015, a mail shipment containing Iris sp. plants with leaf spots was intercepted by the CDFA Dog Team, at the United States Postal Service\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4257,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4257","url_meta":{"origin":1141,"position":5},"title":"Colletotrichum aracearum","author":"Admin","date":"November 29, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum aracearum L. W. Hou & L. 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