{"id":1046,"date":"2015-06-01T07:00:41","date_gmt":"2015-06-01T14:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1046"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:21:24","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:21:24","slug":"1046","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1046","title":{"rendered":"Colletotrichum boninense Moriwaki, Toy. Sato & Tsukib. 2003"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Colletotrichum boninense <\/em><\/strong>Moriwaki, Toy. Sato & Tsukib. 2003<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest\u00a0Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

During February 2015, the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> was detected in infected Aglaonema commutatum<\/em> (Aglaonema\/Chinese evergreen) cuttings in a nursery in Vista, San Diego County, California.\u00a0 The plants were part of an incoming nursery shipment from Fallbrook, San Diego County, California and originated in a nursery in Costa Rica. A month later, the pathogen was detected twice in San Diego in two different shipments of Aglaonema<\/em> sp. plants: one sent to the Vista nursery by the same shipper as before, and the other sent by a different shipper to a different nursery.\u00a0 The latter two shipments had also originated in Costa Rica.\u00a0 The pathogen was cultured from leaf spots, sequenced, and identified by Suzanne Latham, CDFA plant pathologist.\u00a0 This detection was considered a new US record and reportable by the USDA. The species identity was confirmed by the USDA PPQ National Mycology Laboratory.\u00a0 Consequently, the shipment of plants was destroyed.\u00a0\u00a0 A permanent rating for Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> is proposed herein.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0 Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> was first discovered associated with Crinum asiaticum<\/em> var. sinicum<\/em> (Amaryllidaceae) in the Bonin Islands, Japan (Moriwaki et al., 2003).\u00a0 These scientists also found the species in Japan to be associated with several other hosts plants of different plant families. \u00a0Furthermore, C. boninense<\/em> was originally described in 2003 as a segregate of the vastly morphological and physiological variable C. gloeosporioides <\/em>complex (CABI, 2014; Morikwaki et al.,<\/em> 2003).\u00a0 Prior to its segregation as a species, isolates of C. boninense<\/em> were often identified as C. gloeosporioides.<\/em> \u00a0However, after the segregation, researchers found that C. boninense<\/em> actually comprised of a complex of several species and by 2012, through molecular phylogenetic analyses of 86 strains of C. boninense<\/em>, Damm et al<\/em>. (2012) were able to recognize 18 species within the C. boninense<\/em> complex including C. boninense<\/em> in its strict sense (s. str<\/em>.) based on DNA sequence data and morphology. \u00a0The current proposed rating is for C. boninense s. str.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hosts: Host plants of C. boninense s. str<\/em>. are very diverse and include members in the plant families Amaryllidaceae, Bignoniaceae, Podocarpaceae, Proteaceae, Solanaceae and Theaceae (Damm et al., 2012).\u00a0 The CDFA 2015 detection of C. boninense s. str<\/em>. on Aglaonema commutatum<\/em> would also include the family Araceae<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The range of host plants for Colletotrichum boninense s. str<\/em>. is not well understood from reports published prior to 2012 as many of those reports refer to the broad C. boninense<\/em> complex (sensu lato<\/em>).\u00a0 Subsequently, those reported hosts would need to be molecularly verified to be C. boninense s. str<\/em>.\u00a0 and include members of the genera Bletilla, Camellia, Capsicum, Cattleya, Clivia, Coffeae, Crinum, Cucumis, Cymbidium, Dacyrarpus, dendrobium, Dracaena, Eucalyptus, Hippaestrum, Leucospermum, Oncidium, Pachira, Panax, Passiflora, Pleione, Protea, Prunus, and Solanum<\/em> (Farr & Rossman, 2015).<\/p>\n

Symptoms:\u00a0 Colletotrichum<\/em>-infected host plants exhibit symptoms of anthracnose which include dark brown leaf, stem and fruit spots and wilting of leaves often resulting in dieback and reduction in plant quality.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:\u00a0 Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum boninense <\/em>can result in reduced plant quality and growth.\u00a0 Estimates of yield\/crop loss due to this pathogen have not been reported.\u00a0 Nursery production of potted host plants or in greenhouses are particularly at risk as nursery conditions are often conducive to infection by Colletotrichum<\/em> species.\u00a0 In cultivated fields, disease development may be sporadic as it is affected by levels of pathogen inoculum and environmental conditions.<\/p>\n

Disease Cycle:\u00a0 It is likely that Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> has a similar life cycle to that of other Colletotrichum<\/em> species and survives between crops during winter as mycelium on plant residue in soil, on infected plants, and on seeds.\u00a0 During active growth, the pathogen produces masses of hyphae (stromata) which bear conidiophores, on the plant surface. Conidia (spores) are produced at the tips of the conidiophores and disseminated by wind, rain, cultivation tools, equipment, and field workers.\u00a0 \u00a0Conidia are transmitted to host plants.\u00a0 Humid, wet, rainy weather is necessary for infection to occur.\u00a0 These requirements in particular may limit the occurrence of the pathogen in California fields and subsequently, the pathogen may be more of a problem under controlled environments of greenhouses.\u00a0 Condia germinate, penetrate host tissue by means of specialized hyphae (appresoria) and invade host tissue.<\/p>\n

Transmission:\u00a0 Wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/span><\/strong>:\u00a0 Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, and Zimbabwe (Farr & Rossman, 2015).<\/p>\n

Except for Japan, Australia, and New Zealand where the presence of Colletotrichum<\/em> boninense s. str<\/em>. was verified (Damm et al<\/em>., 2012), reports from other countries should be independently verified for C. boninense s. str<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The 2010 report of Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> in Florida, USA, reported by Tarnowski & Ploetz, \u00a0is now not considered to be C. boninense<\/em> s. str. but actually a different species within the C. boninense <\/em>species complex (personal communication<\/em>: Aaron Kennedy, National Identification Services, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-PM).<\/em> The Florida report was published before the C. boninense<\/em> complex was split into several species in 2012.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0 Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> is considered a new USA record and reportable to the USDA.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/strong><\/span>: There is no official record of the establishment of Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> in California however during the early 1980s, CDFA plant pathologists identified C. gloeosporioides<\/em> in Camelia japonica<\/em> (Theaceae) and other hosts in the plant family Araceae which are included as host for C. boninense s. str<\/em>.\u00a0 These detections were made in northern and southern coastal counties.\u00a0 At that time specific molecular diagnostic tests were not available to enable the distinction of C<\/em>. boninense.\u00a0 <\/em>It is, therefore, possible that these detections may have included C. boninense s. str.<\/em> (Suzanne Latham and Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA, personal communication<\/em>).\u00a0 No eliminative action would have been taken against C. gloeosporioides<\/em> as the species is known to be widespread in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0 Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> has been intercepted at least thrice in shipments of Algaonema<\/em> sp. from Costa Rica (see \u2018Initiating event\u2019).<\/p>\n

The risk Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) \u00a0Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California<\/span>
\n– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 Similar to other species of <\/em>Colletotrichum, <\/em>C. boninense requires humid, wet, rainy weather for conidia to infect host plants. This environmental requirement may limit the ability of the pathogen to fully establish and spread under dry field conditions in California. Limited regions with conducive climates within California could enable the pathogen to establish.\u00a0 In particular, <\/em>C. boninense s. str. can effectively infect and spread to host plants grown under conducive climate conditions in nurseries.<\/em><\/p>\n

2) \u00a0Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range
\n\u2013\u00a0Medium (2) has a moderate host range
\n\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> has a wide host range<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 The host range of <\/em>Colletotrichum boninense s. str. is very diverse and includes member in the plant families Amaryllidaceae, Bignoniaceae, Podocarpaceae, Proteaceae, Solanaceae, Theaceae, and Araceae.<\/em><\/p>\n

3) \u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the dispersal potential of the pest:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential
\n– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential
\n\u2013 High (3) <\/strong>has both high reproduction and dispersal potential<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 The pathogen has high reproductive potential and conidia are produced successively.\u00a0 They are transmitted by wind, wind-driven rain, cultivation tools, and human contact however conidial germination and plant infection require long, wet periods.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) \u00a0Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0 The pest could lower crop yield.
\nB. \u00a0 The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
\nC. \u00a0 The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
\nD. \u00a0 The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
\nE. \u00a0 The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
\nF. \u00a0 The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
\nG. \u00a0 The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts
\n– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts
\n\u2013 High (3) <\/strong>causes 3 or more of these impacts<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 Under suitable climates, the pathogen could lower plant growth and value and trigger the loss of markets.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) \u00a0Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0 The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
\nB. \u00a0 The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
\nC. \u00a0 The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
\nD. \u00a0 The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
\nE. \u00a0 The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> causes one of the above to occur<\/span>
\n\u2013 High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur<\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium (2<\/em><\/strong><\/span>)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 The pathogen could significantly impact cultural practices, home gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Colletotrichum boninense:<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

Low = 5-8 points
\nMedium = 9-12 points
\nHigh <\/strong>= 13-15 points<\/span><\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> to California = (13).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6) \u00a0Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.<\/span>
\n-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).
\n-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.
\n-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is not established.<\/span>\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>However, while there is no official record of the establishment of <\/em>Colletotrichum boninense in California, during the 1980s, CDFA plant pathologists identified <\/em>C. gloeosporioides in <\/em>Camelia japonica (Theaceae) and other hosts in the plant family Araceae which are included as host for <\/em>C. boninense s. str.\u00a0 These detections were made in northern and southern coastal counties.\u00a0 At that time specific molecular diagnostic tests were not available to enable the distinction of <\/em>C. boninense.\u00a0 It is, therefore, possible that these detections may have included <\/em>C. boninense s. str.<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> <\/span>13<\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

The possibility that the 2013 detection of <\/em>C. gloesporoides may have included the now segregate species, <\/em>C. boninense st. str. and that the latter may already be established in California, can only be ascertained through survey and testing of infected host plants particularly in suspect counties included in early detection reports of <\/em>C. gloeosporioides .\u00a0 Subsequent results may alter the herein proposed rating for the pathogen<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum boninense s. str.<\/em> is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

C<\/strong>ABI.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> datasheet report.\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium.\u00a0 www.cabi.org\/cpc\/<\/a><\/p>\n

D<\/strong>amm, U., P. F. Cannon, J. H. C. Wouldenberg, P. R. Johnston, B. S. Weir, Y. P. Tan, R. G. Shivas and P. W. Crous.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 The Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> species complex.\u00a0 Studies in Mycology 73:1-36; www.studiesinmycology.org<\/a><\/p>\n

F<\/strong>arr, D. F., & A. Y. Rossman.\u00a0 Fungal databases, systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved April 7, 2015, from<\/p>\n

http:\/\/nt.ars-grin.gov\/fungaldatabases\/<\/a><\/p>\n

K<\/strong>itterly, W. R., and A. P. Keinath.\u00a0 1996.\u00a0 Fungal disease of aerial parts: Anthracnose. In<\/em> \u2018Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases\u2019.\u00a0 Edited by T. A. Zitter, D. L. Hopkins, and C. E. Thomas, APS Press The American Phytopathological Society Minnesota, USA, p. 24-25.<\/p>\n

M<\/strong>oriwaki, J., T. Sato and T. Tsukiboshi.\u00a0 2003.\u00a0 Morphological and molecular characterization of Colletotrichum boninense<\/em> sp. nov. from Japan.\u00a0 Mycoscience 44:47-53.<\/p>\n

T<\/strong>arnowski, T. L. B. and R. C. Ploetz.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 First report of Colletotrichum boninense, C. capsici<\/em>, and a Glomerella<\/em> sp. as causes of postharvest anthracnose of passion fruit and Florida.\u00a0 Plant Disease 94:786. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-94-6-0786C<\/a> .<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

PEST RATING: B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum boninense Moriwaki, Toy. Sato & Tsukib. 2003 Pest\u00a0Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0 During February 2015, the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum boninense was detected in infected Aglaonema commutatum (Aglaonema\/Chinese evergreen) cuttings in a nursery in Vista, San Diego County, California.\u00a0 The plants were part of an incoming nursery shipment … Continue reading Colletotrichum boninense Moriwaki, Toy. Sato & Tsukib. 2003<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[173,46,45],"class_list":["post-1046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fungi","category-plant-pathology","tag-colletotrichum-boninense","tag-fungi-2","tag-plant-pathogen"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/s5l8vQ-1046","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1047,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1047","url_meta":{"origin":1046,"position":0},"title":"Colletotrichum petchii Damm, P. 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Cannon, Crous, P. R. Johnst. & B. Weir, 2012 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In April 2014, during an inspection of a nursery in San Diego County, California, Pat Nolan, plant pathologist, San Diego County, observed black\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4257,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4257","url_meta":{"origin":1046,"position":2},"title":"Colletotrichum aracearum","author":"Admin","date":"November 29, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum aracearum L. W. Hou & L. 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Hyde, 2009 Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On March 29, 2016, a shipment of Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema sp.)\u00a0 cuttings showing leaf spotting symptoms and destined to a nursery in San Luis Obispo County, was intercepted\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3160,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=3160","url_meta":{"origin":1046,"position":4},"title":"Colletotrichum sansevieriae M. Nakamura & M. Ohzono 2006","author":"Admin","date":"January 9, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum sansevieriae \u00a0M. Nakamura & M. Ohzono 2006\u00a0 Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On November 11, 2016, diseased Sansevieria sp. plants exhibiting leaf spot symptoms, were intercepted by San Diego County Agricultural officials.\u00a0 The plants had originated in Florida and were destined to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Fungi"","block_context":{"text":"Fungi","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=8"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4275,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=4275","url_meta":{"origin":1046,"position":5},"title":"Colletotrichum cliviae Y.L. Yang, Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. Cai, 2009","author":"Admin","date":"December 4, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Colletotrichum cliviae Y.L. Yang, Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. 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