{"id":1015,"date":"2015-06-01T07:00:11","date_gmt":"2015-06-01T14:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1015"},"modified":"2024-05-06T13:31:15","modified_gmt":"2024-05-06T20:31:15","slug":"pratylenchus-alleni-ferris-1961","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1015","title":{"rendered":"Pratylenchus alleni Ferris, 1961"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u00a0<\/strong>California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pratylenchus alleni<\/em><\/strong> Ferris, 1961<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: \u00a0A<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

The risk of infestation of Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0 The root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus alleni<\/em>, was first discovered in El Dorado, Illinois infesting nine varieties of soybeans cultivated in a single field (Ferris, 1961). \u00a0The nematode species can seriously affect soybean production and also is associated with other agricultural crops.<\/p>\n

Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> is a migratory endoparasite that can enter plant roots, feed, reproduce and move freely within the tissue while spending its entire life cycle there.\u00a0 The species can also be found in soil around roots.\u00a0 Within the roots, feeding is confined to the root cortex.\u00a0 Like other Pratylenchus<\/em> species, P. alleni<\/em> has six life stages: egg, four juvenile stages and adults.\u00a0 Reproduction requires both females and males. First stage juveniles develop within the egg, followed by a first molt to the second stage juvenile that hatches from the egg.\u00a0 Each stage develops into the next via<\/em> a molt of its cuticle (outer body covering).\u00a0 All juvenile and adult stages are worm-shaped (vermiform). \u00a0All post-hatch stages are motile and can infect plants.\u00a0 Generally, root lesion nematodes have a life cycle 45-65 days, but the duration is affected by temperature and moisture.\u00a0 Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> survives the winter in infected roots or soil as eggs, juveniles or adults. During spring, when plant growth is active, eggs hatch to commence the life cycle within roots or in rhizosphere soil.\u00a0 Within the root, the nematode feeds on cortical tissue causing necrosis of cortical cells, cell breakdown, and formation of cavities. Necrosis is apparent as lesions which expand as the nematodes move lengthwise within the infected roots.\u00a0 Some nematodes may leave the root, enter soil and re-enter the root at a different site causing a new infection.<\/p>\n

Hosts<\/em>: Soybean, vetch, chickpea, castor bean, cotton, wheat, corn, potato, tomato, Zygophyllum<\/em> sp., raspberry, sunflower, chrysanthemum, marigold (Bernard & Keyserling, 1985; Castillo & Vovlas, 2007; Dickerman, 1979; Hackney & Dickerson, 1975).<\/p>\n

Symptoms: <\/em>In general, root lesion infection results in plant exhibiting symptoms of chlorosis, wilting, and stunting.\u00a0 Infected roots show initial symptoms of small, water-soaked lesions that soon turn brown to black.\u00a0 Lesions are formed along the root axis and may coalesce laterally to girdle the roots which are killed.\u00a0 Affected root tissue may slough off leaving a severely reduced root system. Secondary infection by fungi and bacteria may further destroy the root system by causing sloughing off of the root tissues and rot.\u00a0 Plant yield is reduced and in severe infections plants may be killed.<\/p>\n

Damage Potential: \u00a0Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> is capable to severely reducing root growth and function thereby, causing reduction in plant growth and yield. In Canada, field-grown soybean suffered a 38 to 54 % reduction in yield due to Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> (B\u00e9lair et al., 2013).\u00a0 In temperate regions, poor potato growth has been caused by associated P. alleni<\/em> (Brodie et al.,<\/em> 1993).<\/p>\n

Spread<\/em>: \u00a0On its own, Pratylenchus<\/em> species move can move 1-2 m from an infected root.\u00a0 The main mode of long and short distance spread is artificial. Infected roots, bare root propagative plant materials, soil debris, run-off and irrigation water, cultivation tools, equipment and human activity that can move soils from infested to non-infested sites.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/strong><\/span>: \u00a0Asia<\/em>: India, Turkey, Europe<\/em>: Martinique (France), Russia; North America<\/em>: USA, Canada; South America<\/em>: Argentina (Castillo & Vovlas, 2007).<\/p>\n

In the USA, Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> has been reported from Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, and Ohio (Brown et al.<\/em>, 1980; Ferris, 1961; Robbins et al<\/em>., 1987; Williams, 1982).<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/strong><\/span>: None reported.<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0 Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> is not known to be present in California.<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/strong><\/span>: Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> has never been detected in incoming shipments of plants and soil to California.<\/p>\n

The risk Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) \u00a0Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas
\n\u2013 Medium (2) may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California
\n– High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 <\/em>Pratylenchus alleni is able to establish in cool and moist, as well as warmer regions of California, wherever its host plants are capable of growing. <\/em><\/p>\n

2) \u00a0Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range
\n–\u00a0Medium (2)<\/strong> <\/span>has a moderate host range
\n\u2013 High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 Of what has been reported<\/em>, Pratylenchus alleni has a moderate and diverse host range that includes several economically important agricultural crops.\u00a0 Further studies on the host range of this species may be needed.\u00a0 While soybean is not a major crop produced in California, other hosts such as potato, tomato, cotton and corn are cultivated under larger acreage.<\/em><\/p>\n

3) \u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the dispersal potential of the pest:<\/p>\n

-Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential
\n-Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential
\n– High (3)<\/strong><\/span> has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

Risk is High (3) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 The nematode\u2019s life cycle and increase is dependent on soil temperature and plant host. Long and short distance spread is mainly Infected roots, bare root propagative plant materials, soil debris, run-off and irrigation water, cultivation tools, equipment and human activity that can move soils from infested to non-infested sites.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) \u00a0Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0 The pest could lower crop yield.
\nB. \u00a0 The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
\nC. \u00a0 The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
\nD. \u00a0 The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
\nE. \u00a0 The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
\nF. \u00a0 The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
\nG. \u00a0 The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

-Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts
\n-Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts
\n– High (3) <\/strong><\/span>causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/em><\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 <\/em>Pratylenchus alleni infections could result in lowered crop yield and value, loss in market, and change in cultural practices to mitigate risk of spread to non-infested sites. <\/em><\/p>\n

5) \u00a0Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0 The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
\nB. \u00a0 The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
\nC. \u00a0 The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
\nD. \u00a0 The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
\nE. \u00a0 The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong> <\/span>causes one of the above to occur
\n– High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 The impact of<\/em> Pratylenchus alleni on natural environments is not known, however, the infestations of this root lesion nematode could affect cultural practices, home gardening and ornamental plantings. <\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Pratylenchus alleni:<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

Low = 5-8 points
\nMedium = 9-12 points
\nHigh <\/strong>= 13-15 points<\/p>\n

\u00a0Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> to California = (13)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) \u00a0Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

–Not established (0)<\/strong> <\/span>Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
\n-Low (-1) Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).
\n-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.
\n-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas<\/p>\n

Evaluation is \u201cNot established\u201d (0)<\/span>.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Pratylenchus alleni has never been detected in California.<\/em><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information =<\/strong> 13.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Pratylenchus alleni has never been detected through CDFA\u2019s Nematode detection regulatory programs, nor has it been reported in California by other scientists.\u00a0 Nevertheless, surveys for this species in agricultural production and environmental sites need to be conducted to ascertain its non presence in California.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus alleni<\/em>, is A.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A<\/strong>costa, N. 1982. Influence of inoculum level and temperature on pathogenicity and population development of lesion nematodes on soybean. Nematropica 12:189-197.<\/p>\n

A<\/strong>costa, N., and R. B. Malek. 1979. Influence of temperature on population development of eight species of Pratylenchus on soybean. Journal of Nematology 11:229-232.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>\u00e9lair, G., B. Mimee, M. O. Duceppe and S. Miller.\u00a0 2013.\u00a0 First report of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus alleni<\/em> associated with damage on soybean in Quebec, Canada.\u00a0 Plant Disease 97:292. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-03-12-0309-PDN<\/a> .<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>ernard, E. C., and M. L. Keyserling.\u00a0 1985.\u00a0 Reproduction of root-knot, lesion, spiral and soybean cyst nematodes.\u00a0 Plant Disease 69:103-105.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>rodie, B. B., K. Evans and J. Franco.\u00a0 1993.\u00a0 Nematode parasites of potatoes.\u00a0 In<\/em>: Evans, K., D. L. Trudgill and J. M. Webster (Eds).\u00a0 Plant parasitic nematodes in temperate agriculture.\u00a0 Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing, pp. 87-132.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong>rown, M. J., R. M. Riedel and R. C. Rowe.\u00a0 1980.\u00a0 Species of Pratylenchus<\/em> associated with Solanum tuberosum<\/em> cv. Superior<\/em> in Ohio.\u00a0 Journal of Nematology 12:189-192.<\/p>\n

Castillo, P. and N. Vovlas.\u00a0 2007.\u00a0 Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): diagnosis, biology, pathogenicity and management.\u00a0 Hunt, D. J., and R. N. Perry (Series Eds).Nematology monographs and perspectives<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>ickerson, O. J. 1979. The effects of temperature on Pratylenchus scribneri<\/em> and P. alleni<\/em> populations on soybeans and tomatoes. Journal of Nematology 11:23-26.<\/p>\n

F<\/strong>erris, V. R.\u00a0 1961.\u00a0 A new species of Pratylenchus<\/em> (Nemata-Tylenchida) from roots of soybeans.\u00a0 Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 28:109-111.<\/p>\n

H<\/strong>ackney, R. W. and O. J. Dickerson. 1975. Marigold, Castor bean, and chrysanthemum as controls of Meloidogyne incognita<\/em> and Pratylenchus alleni<\/em>. Journal of Nematology 7:84-90.<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>obbins, R. T., R. D. Riggs and D. Von Steen.\u00a0 1987.\u00a0 Results of annual phytoparasitic nematode surveys of Arkansas soybean fields, 1978-1986.\u00a0 Annals of Applied Nematology 1:50-55.<\/p>\n

W<\/strong>illiams, D. D.\u00a0 1982.\u00a0 The known Pratylenchidae (Nematode) of Iowa.\u00a0 Iowa State Journal of Research 56:419-424.<\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Dr. John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health@cdfa.ca.gov<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Period: \u00a0CLOSED<\/span><\/h5>\n

The 45-day comment period opened on June 1, 2015 and\u00a0closed on July 16, 2015.<\/p>\n

\n
Comment Format:<\/h5>\n

When commenting, please reference the section heading related to your comment, as shown in the example below.<\/p>\n

Example Comment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction: \u00a01. Climate\/Host Interaction:\u00a0[Your comment that relates to “Climate\/Host Interaction” here.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\n

Pest Rating: \u00a0A<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0California Pest Rating for Pratylenchus alleni Ferris, 1961 Pest Rating: \u00a0A   PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: The risk of infestation of Pratylenchus alleni in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is proposed. History & Status: Background:\u00a0 The root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus alleni, was first discovered in El Dorado, Illinois infesting nine varieties of … Continue reading Pratylenchus alleni Ferris, 1961<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[27],"tags":[188,165,166],"class_list":["post-1015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nematodes","tag-nematodes","tag-pratylenchus-alleni","tag-root-lesion-nematode"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-gn","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1955,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1955","url_meta":{"origin":1015,"position":0},"title":"Nematodes","author":"Admin","date":"May 13, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"(Plant Parasitic Nematodes) Nematodes (also called \u2018roundworms\u2019) are relatively small, multicellular, worm-like animals. They are found in almost every environmental niche imaginable, living free in soil, marine and freshwater habitats while feeding on bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, or as parasites of humans, insects, fish, larger animals and plants. Plant parasitic\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Ratings"","block_context":{"text":"Ratings","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=333"},"img":{"alt_text":"Nematodes montage","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/nematodes-featured-image.jpg?fit=1038%2C588&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":10770,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=10770","url_meta":{"origin":1015,"position":1},"title":"Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner, 1943 Scribner\u2019s root-lesion nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"July 18, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner, 1943 Scribner's root-lesion nematodePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":11822,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=11822","url_meta":{"origin":1015,"position":2},"title":"Pratylenchus crenatus Loof 1960 Root lesion nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"September 19, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pratylenchus crenatus Loof 1960 Root lesion nematodePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":12466,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=12466","url_meta":{"origin":1015,"position":4},"title":"Pratylenchus zeae Graham, 1951 Corn lesion nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"January 4, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pratylenchus zeae Graham, 1951Corn lesion nematodePest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by tn","rel":"","context":"In "C-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"C-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=671"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7889,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=7889","url_meta":{"origin":1015,"position":5},"title":"Pratylenchus hippeastri (Inserra et al., 2007) Amaryllis lesion nematode","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"December 17, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pratylenchus hippeastri (Inserra et al., 2007) Amaryllis lesion nematodePest Rating: B DOWNLOAD PEST RATING *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. 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