{"id":1012,"date":"2015-06-01T07:00:15","date_gmt":"2015-06-01T14:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1012"},"modified":"2024-04-26T11:21:42","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:21:42","slug":"tomato-yellow-leaf-curl-virus-tylcv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1012","title":{"rendered":"Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)"},"content":{"rendered":"
California Pest Rating for<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus<\/em><\/strong> (TYLCV)<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Pest Rating: B<\/strong><\/h5>\n
\n
PEST RATING PROFILE<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Initiating Event:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n

The risk of infestation of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> (TYLCV) in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is proposed.<\/p>\n

History & Status:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Background<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 During the early 1960s in Israel, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> was the name first given to diseased tomatoes that in 1959 were found to be infected by an agent identified as a whitefly-transmitted viral agent in the Jordan Valley, Israel. \u00a0Since then and in less than 25 years, TYLCV spread worldwide.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0TYLCV belongs to the genus Begomovirus<\/em> in the Family Geminiviridae \u2013 which includes whitefly transmitted viruses.\u00a0 The pathogen is accurately identified by the analysis of DNA sequences. The Israel strain was isolated in 1988 and was the first one to be sequenced in 1991. Sequence comparisons of different geographical isolates revealed that TYLCV is actually a complex of begomovirus species that affect tomato.\u00a0 Subsequently, begomoviruses affecting tomato were separated into several groups and named accordingly.\u00a0 Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> is the name of the virus isolated in Israel (CABI, 2014; Nakhla & Maxwell, 1998; Fauquet et al<\/em>., 2000). Seven different species belonging to the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> complex have been identified.<\/p>\n

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> was identified in 2007 for the first time from infected tomato plants grown in a greenhouse in Brawley, Imperial County, California (Rojas et al.,<\/em> 2007).\u00a0 Since then the pathogen has been detected in commercial fields, nurseries and private residences within Imperial and Riverside counties.<\/p>\n

Hosts: Solanum lycopersicum <\/em>(tomato) is the major host.\u00a0 Other hosts include diagnostic experimental plant species belonging to several families: Datura stramonium<\/em>, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. benthamiana, Phaseolus vulgaris,<\/em> Petunia hybrida<\/em>, and Eustoma grandiflorum<\/em> (lisianthus).\u00a0\u00a0 Other cultivated minor hosts include abelmoschus esculentus <\/em>(okra), C. annum<\/em> (bell pepper), C. frutescens<\/em> (cayenne\/chili pepper), Nicotiana tabacum<\/em> (tobacco), Physalis philadelphica <\/em>(tomatillo), <\/em>and Vigna unguiculata<\/em> (cowpea). \u00a0Weeds and other wild hosts include Acalypha australis, Artemisia annua, Ageratum conyzoides<\/em> (billy goat weed), Convolvulus<\/em> (morning glory), Chenopodium murale<\/em> (nettleleaf goosefoot), Cuscuta europaea<\/em> (European dodder), Datura stramonium<\/em> (jimsonweed), Malva parviflora<\/em> (pink cheeseweed), Moringa oleifera<\/em> (horse-radish tree), Sida acuta<\/em> (sida), Solanum elaegniflolium<\/em> (silverleaf nightshade) and S. nigrum<\/em> (black nightshade) (CABI, 2014; VIDE, 1996; EPPO 2014).<\/p>\n

In a survey in Cyprus, Papayiannis et al.,<\/em> (2011) found that 49 plant species were TYLCV hosts belonging to 15 families, namely, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Primulaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferae and Urticaceae.<\/p>\n

Symptoms:\u00a0 The disease is easily identified when tomato are infected at seedling stage.<\/p>\n

Young leaves and shoots are severely stunted resulting in bushy and upright seedling growth.\u00a0 Leaves exhibit the most diagnostic symptoms of small leaves, upward and inward rolling of the margins, interveinal and marginal yellowing, distinct stunting and often a bushy appearance.\u00a0 Flowers either do not develop or fall off.\u00a0 When plants are infected early, they lose vigor and fruit production is reduced or stopped. When infected at a later stage of development, fruit already formed continue to develop more or less normally however, additional fruit are not produced.<\/p>\n

Leaf curl symptom is not limited to tomato but also produced in TYLCV-infected varieties of common bean and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Most wild tomato species include members that are either immune or symptomless carriers of the virus. Certain weeds are also asymptomatic (Malva parviflora<\/em>). It is not known how well whiteflies acquire virus from symptomless hosts (Gilbertson, 2008). Plants used to rear whiteflies are immune to the virus (CABI, 2014).<\/p>\n

Damage Potential:\u00a0 TYLCV is one of the most damaging pathogens of tomato and losses up to 100% in commercial fruit production in fields are not uncommon (UCIPM, 2008).\u00a0 Yield loss results in fewer numbers of fruit produced.\u00a0 Fruit present at time of infection remain on the plant but few will set more or less normally.\u00a0 It has been shown experimentally that the younger the plants are at the time of infection, the more severe is the reduction in fruit yield.\u00a0 Experimentally, compared to non-inoculated plants, 3-10 week old TYLCV inoculated tomato plants showed 63% reduction in number of fruit, while 15 week old plants did not show significant yield reduction (CABI, 2014).\u00a0 In the USA, mostly minor losses of less than 10% were noted in 1997-2000 due to aggressive actions taken by tomato growers.<\/p>\n

Severe losses in commercial bean production in Israel and southern Spain have been reported (Navot et al.<\/em>, 1992; Navas-Castillo et al.<\/em>, 1999).<\/p>\n

Disease Cycle and Transmission: TYLCV is transmitted by the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci <\/em>in a persistent manner.\u00a0 The vector acquires the virus (acquisition access period) after feeding on an infected plant for 15-30 minutes, then there is a latent period of 18-24 hours within the insect after which the virus can be inoculated into a healthy plant during a feeding period of at least 15 minutes (inoculation access period) by the insect. A single white fly can inoculate more than one plant. \u00a0TYLCV is retained within the vector when the latter molts and is detected in every developmental stage of the vector.\u00a0 It does not multiply within the vector and is not passed on from generation to generation through the eggs of the vector, although research results may be controversial: \u00a0Ghanim et al<\/em>. (1998) detected TYLCV in whitefly eggs that suggested transovarial passage (CABI, 2014; VIDE, 1996).\u00a0 Whiteflies remain viruliferous for approximately two weeks.\u00a0 Large populations of B. tabaci<\/em> moving between crops can cause rapid spread and high levels of disease.<\/p>\n

The pathogen is spread over short distance by the white fly vector.\u00a0 TYLCV is also transmitted by grafting and poorly by mechanical inoculation, but it is not transmitted by contact between plants.\u00a0 Seed transmission has not been reported.\u00a0 Over long distances, TYLCV is spread mainly through the movement of infected plants.\u00a0 As symptoms can take up to 3 weeks to develop, symptomless infected plants can often go unnoticed.\u00a0 Hitch-hiking, virus-carrying whiteflies can also accompany tomato and other host plants moved over long distances as well as strong winds and storms.<\/p>\n

Worldwide Distribution<\/strong><\/span>: \u00a0\u00a0TYLCV has been reported from several countries in Asia, Africa, North America (Mexico and USA), Central America and Caribbean, South America (Venezuela only), Europe, and Oceania (CABI, 2014, EPPO, 2014).<\/p>\n

In the USA, TYLCV is present in Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas.<\/p>\n

Official Control<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0 TYLCV is included on the Harmful Organism Lists of 49 countries in Asia, Europe, and South America, including Antigua and Barbuda Islands (PCIT, 2014). As a result of the estimated losses caused by TYLCV in 1999-2003, several countries in Australia and The European Union have established strict quarantine measures against the whitefly vector (CABI, 2014).<\/p>\n

California Distribution<\/strong><\/span>: Imperial and Riverside Counties.<\/p>\n

Major tomato-producing regions of California, including the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, do not promote the establishment of TYLCV.\u00a0 According to Gilbertson (2008), the vector is not found in those regions for two main reasons.\u00a0 First, the vector is intolerant of the region\u2019s cool winter temperatures.\u00a0 Second, the Central Valley has a natural tomato-free period from late November to early February during which period the amount of virus inoculum is significantly reduced until tomatoes are planted in late winter to early spring.\u00a0 So, even if TYLCV is able to overwinter during the tomato-free period, it would take a long time for viral inoculum to build up to damaging levels in the field.\u00a0 The virus is able to infect other host plants however, it builds up quickly on tomato.<\/p>\n

There have not been any establishments of any Bemisia tabaci<\/em> haplotype overwintering populations north of Fresno County due to the cooler winter temperatures and lack of the right amount of degree days for development (personal communication<\/em>: Dr. Raymond Gill, CDFA Entomologist, 2013).\u00a0 Nevertheless, it is not unusual for the whitefly vector species to be introduced into and possibly establish within contained controlled environments of nursery greenhouses in northern California regions (CDFA Pest Detection Records and personal communication<\/em>: Dr. Gillian Watson, CDFA Entomologist).<\/p>\n

California Interceptions<\/strong><\/span>:\u00a0 There are no records of TYLCV detected in incoming plant shipments to California.<\/p>\n

The risk Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> would pose to California is evaluated below.<\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n

1) \u00a0Climate\/Host Interaction:<\/strong> Evaluate if the pest would have suitable hosts and climate to establish in California. Score:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) not likely to establish in California; or likely to establish in very limited areas
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/span><\/strong> may be able to establish in a larger but limited part of California
\n– High (3) likely to establish a widespread distribution in California.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 The establishment of <\/em>TYLCV within CA is closely related to the establishment of its whitefly vector, <\/em>Bemisia tabaci. The virus (and the vector) is already established in commercial and urban environments in Imperial and Riverside Counties.\u00a0 However, the vector is limited to the southern regions of the state as it is intolerant of the cooler winter temperatures present in the main tomato-growing regions in northern California.\u00a0 Also, the vector is unable to build up to damaging levels because of the tomato-free production period present in the Central Valley. \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

2) \u00a0Known Pest Host Range:<\/strong> Evaluate the host range of the pest:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) has a very limited host range
\n\u2013\u00a0Medium (2)<\/strong> <\/span>has a moderate host range
\n\u2013 High (3) has a wide host range.<\/p>\n

Risk is Medium (2) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 While tomato is the main host for <\/em>TYLCV, minor hosts include moderate numbers of cultivated plants, ornamentals, and weeds belonging to several plant species and families.<\/em><\/p>\n

3) \u00a0Pest Dispersal Potential:<\/strong> Evaluate the dispersal potential of the pest:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) does not have high reproductive or dispersal potential
\n– Medium (2) has either high reproductive or dispersal potential
\n\u2013 High (3)<\/strong> <\/span>has both high reproduction and dispersal potential.<\/p>\n

Risk is High (3) <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u2013 The spread of <\/em>TYLCV is through artificial means. Short distance spread is mainly through its white fly vector, <\/em>Bemisia tabaci, whereas long distance spread is mainly through movement of <\/em>TYLCV-infected plants and strong winds that may move the vector over longer distances than it own capability.<\/em><\/p>\n

4) \u00a0Economic Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the economic impact of the pest to California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0 The pest could lower crop yield.
\nB. \u00a0 The pest could lower crop value (includes increasing crop production costs).
\nC. \u00a0 The pest could trigger the loss of markets (includes quarantines).
\nD. \u00a0 The pest could negatively change normal cultural practices.
\nE. \u00a0 The pest can vector, or is vectored, by another pestiferous organism.
\nF. \u00a0 The organism is injurious or poisonous to agriculturally important animals.
\nG. \u00a0 The organism can interfere with the delivery or supply of water for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes 0 or 1 of these impacts
\n– Medium (2) causes 2 of these impacts
\n\u2013 High (3)<\/span> <\/strong>causes 3 or more of these impacts.<\/p>\n

Risk is High (3)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 <\/em>TYLCV is one of the most economically damaging pathogens of tomato.\u00a0 Incidence and spread of the virus could gravely affect the tomato industry in particular, by lowering crop yield, value, increasing production costs, affecting local and international\u00a0 markets, negatively change normal cultivation practices to prevent incidence of further occurrence and spread of the virus and its whitefly vector.<\/em><\/p>\n

5) \u00a0Environmental Impact:<\/strong> Evaluate the environmental impact of the pest on California using these criteria:<\/p>\n

A. \u00a0 The pest could have a significant environmental impact such as lowering biodiversity, disrupting natural communities, or changing ecosystem processes.
\nB. \u00a0 The pest could directly affect threatened or endangered species.
\nC. \u00a0 The pest could impact threatened or endangered species by disrupting critical habitats.
\nD. \u00a0 The pest could trigger additional official or private treatment programs.
\nE. \u00a0 The pest significantly impacts cultural practices, home\/urban gardening or ornamental plantings.<\/p>\n

Score the pest for Environmental Impact:<\/p>\n

– Low (1) causes none of the above to occur
\n\u2013 Medium (2)<\/strong><\/span> causes one of the above to occur
\n\u2013 High (3) causes two or more of the above to occur.<\/p>\n

Risk is <\/em><\/strong>Medium (2)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> \u2013 Several weeds and wild tomato varieties are considered hosts of TYLCV, however, wild tomato and several weed hosts are asymptomatic and it is not known how well the whitefly vector will acquire the virus from such infected hosts that may comprise natural environments.\u00a0 The effect on these hosts is not known.\u00a0 Nevertheless, TYLCV infections may impact home\/urban gardening and cultivation of ornamentals.<\/em><\/p>\n

Consequences of Introduction to California for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n

Add up the total score and include it here. (Score)<\/p>\n

Low = 5-8 points
\nMedium<\/strong> <\/span>= 9-12 points
\nHigh = 13-15 points<\/p>\n

Total points obtained on evaluation of consequences of introduction of TYLCV to California = (12)<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6) \u00a0Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information<\/strong>: Evaluate the known distribution in California. Only official records identified by a taxonomic expert and supported by voucher specimens deposited in natural history collections should be considered. Pest incursions that have been eradicated, are under eradication, or have been delimited with no further detections should not be included. (Score)<\/p>\n

-Not established (0) Pest never detected in California, or known only from incursions.
\n–Low (-1)<\/strong><\/span> Pest has a localized distribution in California, or is established in one suitable climate\/host area (region).
\n-Medium (-2) Pest is widespread in California but not fully established in the endangered area, or pest established in two contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.
\n-High (-3) Pest has fully established in the endangered area, or pest is reported in more than two contiguous or non-contiguous suitable climate\/host areas.<\/p>\n

Evaluation is Low (-1)<\/span>.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Final Score:<\/h5>\n

7) The final score is the consequences of introduction score minus the post entry distribution and survey information score: (Score)<\/p>\n

Final Score: <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Score of Consequences of Introduction \u2013 Score of Post Entry Distribution and Survey Information = 11<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Uncertainty: <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Up-to-date field data is always needed on the probable establishment and spread of TYLCV beyond the known regions in Imperial and Riverside counties.\u00a0 Such information would be obtained through periodic surveys of tomato fields.\u00a0 Also not known is the distribution of the virus in natural environments and the potential that infected natural hosts may play in its possible spread to tomato fields.<\/p>\n

Conclusion and Rating Justification:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Based on the evidence provided above the proposed rating for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> is B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

C<\/strong>ABI\u00a0\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> full datasheet.\u00a0 Crop Protection Compendium.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/cpc\/datasheet\/1695<\/a><\/p>\n

E<\/strong>PPO, 2014.\u00a0 Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> (TYLCV0).\u00a0 New PQR database.\u00a0 Paris, France:\u00a0 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.\u00a0 http:\/\/newpqr.eppo.int<\/a><\/p>\n

F<\/strong>auquet C. M, D. P.Maxwell, B. Gronenborn, and J. Stanley. \u00a02000. \u00a0Revised proposal for naming geminiviruses. Archives of Virology, 145(8):1743-1761; 11 ref.<\/a><\/p>\n

G<\/strong>hanim, M., S. Morin, M. Zeidan and H. Czosnek, 1998. Evidence for transovarial transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> by its vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.<\/em> Virology (New York), 240(2):295-303.<\/a><\/p>\n

G<\/strong>ilbertson, R. L.\u00a0 2008.\u00a0 Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl.\u00a0 UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Tomato.\u00a0 UC ANR Publication 3470.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.ipm.ucdavis.edu\/PMG\/r783103311.html<\/a><\/p>\n

N<\/strong>akhla, M. K and D. P. Maxwell 1998. Epidemiology and management of tomato yellow leaf curl disease. In<\/em>: Hadidi A, Khetarpal RK, Koganezawa H, eds. Plant Virus Disease Control. St Paul, USA: APS Press, 565-583.<\/p>\n

N<\/strong>avas-Castillo, J. S., Sanchez-Campos and J. A. Diaz. \u00a01999. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> causes a novel disease of common bean and severe epidemics in tomato in Spain. Plant Disease, 83:29-32.<\/p>\n

N<\/strong>avot, N, M., Zeidan, E. Pichersky, D. Zamir and H. Czosnek. \u00a01992. Use of the polymerase chain reaction to amplify tomato yellow leaf curl virus<\/em> DNA from infected plants and viruliferous whiteflies. Phytopathology, 82(10):1199-1202<\/a>.<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>apayiannis, L. C., N. I. Katis, A. M. Idris and J. K. Brown. \u00a02011. Identification of weed hosts of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Cyprus. Plant Disease, 95(2):120-125. <\/a>http:\/\/apsjournals.apsnet.org\/loi\/pdis<\/a> .<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>CIT.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance & Tracking System.\u00a0 https:\/\/pcit.aphis.usda.gov\/PExD\/faces\/ReportHarmOrgs.jsp<\/a> .<\/p>\n

R<\/strong>ojas, M. R., T. Kon, E. T. Natwick, J. E. Polston, F. Akad, and R. L. Gilbertson.\u00a0 2007.\u00a0 First report of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus associated with Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease in California.\u00a0 Plant Disease, 91:1056.<\/p>\n

V<\/strong>IDE.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus.\u00a0 Plant Viruses Online: Description and Lists from the VIDE Database.\u00a0 http:\/\/pvo.bio-mirror.cn\/descr840.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

Responsible Party:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Dr. John J. Chitambar, Primary Plant Pathologist\/Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832. Phone: 916-262-1110, plant.health[@]cdfa.ca.gov.<\/p>\n

\n

PEST RATING: B<\/h3>\n
\n

Posted by ls<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

California Pest Rating for Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) Pest Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 The risk of infestation of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is proposed. History & Status: Background:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 During the early 1960s in Israel, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus was … Continue reading Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4,39],"tags":[41,169,154],"class_list":["post-1012","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-plant-pathology","category-viruses-and-viroids","tag-plant-pathogens","tag-tomato-yellow-leaf-curl-virus","tag-virus"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5l8vQ-gk","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":10788,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=10788","url_meta":{"origin":1012,"position":0},"title":"Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"July 18, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virusPest Rating: A download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by ta","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":732,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=732","url_meta":{"origin":1012,"position":1},"title":"Pepino Mosaic Virus (PepMV)","author":"Admin","date":"April 7, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pepino Mosaic Virus (PepMV) Pest\u00a0Rating: B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event:\u00a0 In January 2015, Tongyan Tian, CDFA Plant Pathologist, detected Pepino mosaic virus(PepMV) in two official tomato samples collected from plants grown in a greenhouse in San Diego County.\u00a0 The virus has been previously reported by\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Plant Pathogens"","block_context":{"text":"Plant Pathogens","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":386,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=386","url_meta":{"origin":1012,"position":2},"title":"Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV)","author":"Admin","date":"March 16, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"California Plant Pest Rating for Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV) Pest\u00a0Rating:\u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: The risk of infestation of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus in California is evaluated and a permanent rating is herein proposed. History & Status: Background: Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus CYSDV belongs to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Plant Pathogens"","block_context":{"text":"Plant Pathogens","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1604,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=1604","url_meta":{"origin":1012,"position":3},"title":"Squash Vein Yellowing Virus (SqVYV)","author":"Admin","date":"February 29, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Squash Vein Yellowing Virus (SqVYV) Pest Rating: \u00a0B PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: None.\u00a0 The risk of introduction of Squash vein yellowing virus to California is assessed and a permanent rating for SqVYV is herein proposed. History & Status: Background:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In 2003 in Hillsborough County, Florida,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Plant Pathogens"","block_context":{"text":"Plant Pathogens","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5843,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=5843","url_meta":{"origin":1012,"position":4},"title":"Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus","author":"Admin","date":"November 7, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Pest Rating: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A PEST RATING PROFILE Initiating Event: On September 25, 2018, Tongyan Tian, CDFA Plant Pathologist, was notified by Kai-Shu Ling, Plant Pathologist, USDA ARS, Charleston, South Carolina, of his detection of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "A-Rated"","block_context":{"text":"A-Rated","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=669"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":11587,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?p=11587","url_meta":{"origin":1012,"position":5},"title":"Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder 1930) Dowson 1939 Bacterial leaf blight of tomato","author":"Heather.Martin","date":"May 24, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"California Pest Rating for Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder 1930) Dowson 1939 Bacterial leaf blight of tomatoPest Rating: C download pest rating *NOTE You must be registered and logged in to post a comment. If you have registered and have not received the registration confirmation, please contact us at permits[@]cdfa.ca.gov. Posted by\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Bacteria"","block_context":{"text":"Bacteria","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/?cat=9"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1012","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1012"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1012\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10465,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1012\/revisions\/10465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1012"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1012"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cdfa.ca.gov\/Section3162\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1012"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}